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Mold Turmoil
By Dennis Hevesi
The New York Times
April 4, 2003
It is a slimy, sticky, black, brownish or sometimes orangey organism that
mostly comes in knobby, though sometimes hairy, microscopic ovals half a
million or more spores fitting on the face of a dime.
Mold, in some of its myriad forms, has long been known to cause serious damage
to some people's pulmonary systems. But over the last five years, for a mix of
reasons, the literally creepy substance has also exerted increasing strains on
the real estate industry, the insurance industry, the court system and
architectural and construction practices.
Yet, given that fungus (its more scientific appellation) has inhabited the
planet for millions of years, there are those caught up in the current concern
who contend that, however legitimate in some cases, that worry has also been
exaggerated.
The confusion stems, in part, from the fact that while some people can suffer
serious health damage from exposure to mold, others are unaffected.
Some of the agitation was stirred by a federal agency's initial opinion, later
reversed, that mold might have caused bleeding in the lungs of infants. Also in
the mix has been litigious piling on after sizable damage awards in several
court cases, including one, later scaled back, for $32 million; the insurance
industry's hasty retreat from mold coverage; and insufficient understanding of
the medical consequences of mold exposure.
"Five years ago, we would get one call a month about mold: a residence, a
school, a commercial property," said Robert Krell, president of IAQ
Technologies, an indoor environmental consulting and remediation company in
Syracuse, N.Y. "Now we get 10 calls a day."
"I've seen people become deathly ill," Mr. Krell said. "I've also seen them make
themselves ill with hysteria."
Daniel Sitomer, a partner in the environmental law firm of Sitomer & Hogan in
Manhattan, calls for calm on the legal front, where about 10,000 mold-related
lawsuits have been filed nationwide in the last three years. "What we've found
where the knee-jerk response was to overreact and litigate," Mr. Sitomer said,
"is that those who have commenced those suits have directly impacted the value
of their own home."
Mr. Sitomer's firm represents both plaintiffs and defendants in mold-related
cases, but specializes in preparing building managers and co-op and condominium
boards to deal with the mold problem. "There's time to commence litigation after
there's been a unified effort by the building and the residents to manage the
mold," he said. "Once that's implemented, there's time to address responsibility
and the development of claims."
About 24,000 homeowners across the nation including 1,600 in New York, New
Jersey and Connecticut had mold-related insurance claims unresolved as of Dec.
31, according to a Texas-based homeowners advocacy group called Policyholders of
America.
Last year, according to Robert P. Hartwig, the chief economist for the Insurance
Information Institute, insurance companies paid out $2.5 billion in mold-related
claims. "That's about double what it was in 2001," Mr. Hartwig said.
"In addition, in 2002 it became clear that the mold issue was no longer confined
to homeowners' insurance," Mr. Hartwig continued, "but became a problem in
commercial coverage as well particularly for co-ops, condominiums, hotels and
schools." Because they are corporations, co-ops and condominiums must carry
commercial liability coverage.
The insurance industry has not taken kindly to the explosion in mold-related
claims. At the industry's urging, 35 states including New Jersey, but not New
York or Connecticut have allowed insurers to exclude mold coverage from
homeowner policies. "In some states," Mr. Hartwig said, "insurers have
introduced caps on the coverage for this type of claim, perhaps $5,000 or
$10,000."
All of which squeezes homeowners and building owners.
In Texas which along with California leads the nation in mold claims, at just
under 5,000 each (followed by Florida with 3,900) the per-policy cost of
industry payouts for mold coverage rose from $23 in the first quarter of 2000 to
$444 by the end of 2001, Mr. Hartwig said. "These costs are passed on to
policyholders," he said.
Rental buildings have also been affected, with some landlords informing renters
that they could be held responsible for not removing visible moisture or not
reporting the appearance of mold to management.
With coverage limited and insurance companies fiercely contesting court claims,
some owners of private homes are facing frightening choices especially those
with widespread contamination deep within their walls, plumbing, heating and
ventilation systems. In those cases, remediation can cost hundreds of thousands
of dollars.
"One issue we are seeing more and more of these days is foreclosures," said
Melinda Ballard, president of Policyholders of America. Ms. Ballard started her
organization after winning the nation's most publicized mold-related lawsuit
against an insurer, resulting in a damage award of $32 million later reduced
to $4 million.
"Let's say you have a family in a home with severe contamination and it's not
covered by insurance," Ms. Ballard said. "They face ugly choices. They can stay
and have their children suffer the health consequences. They can put their home
up for sale and not disclose anything. Or they can hand the keys to the bank."
Starting in midyear 2002, Ms. Ballard said, her organization began receiving
about 50 calls a week from people facing foreclosure because of mold exposure.
"Here's the rub," she said, "when the bank forecloses, they sell it at auction
as-is."
The Setting
High-Tech Conditions May Promote Mold
Modern architecture and construction techniques, particularly for high-rise
buildings, are also affected by mold concerns. Pointing out that there are
spores in the air everywhere, Mr. Sitomer, the environmental lawyer, said, "In
today's sealed buildings, tightly controlled environments, central
air-conditioning, mold grows at much higher levels than outside."
To which New York State Senator Carl L. Marcellino, a Republican from Long
Island and chairman of the Senate Environmental Conservation Committee, said,
"Maybe you don't seal new buildings; let them breathe."
Senator Marcellino is the sponsor of a bill that would create a commission of
scientists, lawyers, insurers, architects and builders to advise government
officials on mold policy.
Worries about mold, he said, are as much a problem in the suburbs as in urban
high-rises. "That leaky roof dripping behind your Sheetrock becomes a nesting
place," he said. "You fix the roof, but nobody looks behind the wall."
The Health Impact
A Range of Fungi, a Range of Effects
Several experts said widespread mold anxiety got its start in the mid-90's after
10 babies in neighboring buildings in Cleveland suffered severe bleeding in the
lungs, including one who died. Investigators from the federal Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention joined independent scientists in concluding that
"infant pulmonary hemorrhage may be caused by exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum
or other fungi growing in moist household environments." Stachybotrys has since
been seized upon by some lawyers as "killer mold."
In 1997, a C.D.C. task force reviewed the initial findings and concluded that
the evidence "was not of sufficient quality to support an association" between
Stachybotrys and bleeding lungs in infants.
Which hardly means that mold is harmless. "We know that there are a range of
health effects related to mold exposure," said Dr. Maida P. Galvez, a
pediatrician at the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit at Mount Sinai
Medical Center in Manhattan. "The most common are asthma and allergy-type
symptoms."
"We know that families with strong histories of allergic diseases are more
susceptible to these exposures," Dr. Galvez said, "that mold can exacerbate
these conditions." At a minimum, mold can cause eye, ear, nose and throat
irritation, as well as coughing and wheezing sometimes severe and unrelenting.
While mold exacerbates those conditions for people prone to allergies and
asthma, Dr. Galvez said, it has not yet been proved to be a direct instigator of
asthma in families without a history of that disease. "There are ongoing studies
to determine that relationship," she said.
Still, mold can be deadly. Dr. Jordan Fink, a professor in the allergy and
immunology division of the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, said mold
can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis, resulting in progressive lung
impairment. "There have been fatal cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis," he
said, "because of the inflammation and scarring of pulmonary tissue."
Pointing out that there are "hundreds to thousands" of mold species that have
not been studied, Dr. Fink focused on the notorious Stachybotrys variety. While
it is proved that Stachybotrys causes pulmonary and allergic symptoms, he said,
"there is no documentation as yet that Stachybotrys can cause nonallergic-type
symptoms." As examples, he said, some people say they suffer memory loss, "can't
think anymore, can't eat."
Ms. Ballard, president of the policyholders group, said that she, her husband
and 2-year-old son lived for months in their contaminated 22-room home in a
suburb of Austin, Tex. "called, appropriately enough, Dripping Springs," she
said after being told by their insurance company that the contractors hired to
remediate Stachybotrys in their home could not break through the walls and
floors until the insurance investigation was completed. "I stupidly, not knowing
jack about toxic mold, listened to them and stopped all scheduled repairs," she
said. That was in 1998.
"We started getting sick," Ms. Ballard said. "My son would gasp for every
breath. My husband had some strange symptoms. He became extremely forgetful. He
had driven the same car for years and could not remember what kind of car it
was. He had brain seizures that showed up on M.R.I.'s."
The old "fixer upper" had cost $300,000, Ms. Ballard said, and about $1 million
to modernize. The $32 million in damages was awarded in 2001, but was later
reduced to $4 million, plus interest and lawyers' fees.
In December, a mold suit was filed by the owner of a condominium apartment at
515 Park Avenue advertised by its sponsors, at $3,000 per square foot, as the
world's most expensive residential building.
The suit alleges that the developer, architect, contractors and condominium
board members had all been negligent in the design, construction and management
of the building, which opened in 2000, resulting in "massive leaks" throughout
the structure.
"As recent studies performed for the building's board of managers confirmed,"
the suit says, "the building is contaminated with toxic fungus molds, including
a strain known as Stachybotrys, the `killer fungus.' "
The plaintiff, Richard Kramer, claimed that the apartment and its contents,
including antiques and artwork, were totally ruined. "Such damage pales," the
suit says, in comparison with the harm to the plaintiff's 3-year-old daughter,
"who has developed severe and disabling respiratory and other illnesses."
Mr. Kramer is asking for $2 billion in damages. Lawyers for the developers,
Zeckendorf Realty, did not respond to several requests for comment.
According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 35 million
Americans suffer from reactions to mold 12 percent of the nation's population.
"Do we design buildings to take care of the person who is allergic or the person
who is not?" wonders Angelo Garcia III, the principal industrial hygienist at
Future Environment Designs, a consultation and remediation company on Long
Island. "Do you build for one in eight persons?"
Senator Marcellino believes, "It will come to setting regulatory standards that
force people to take the effects of mold into consideration when they create
buildings, maintain buildings."
Remediation Process Starts by Eliminating Leaks
Until then, what is a homeowner or building owner to do? In a phrase: stop
leaks.
Mold thrives on moisture. And, as Mr. Garcia emphasized, remediation requires
elimination of the source. "Whatever caused water damage must be fixed," he
said. "Realistically, that should be done before the cleaning, because the mold
will come back." Better yet, leaks should be eliminated before mold ever takes
root.
If mold does become visible a big if, given that it also thrives in a
building's dark recesses a cleanup is in order.
The Old Testament, while genteelly referring to mold as mildew, offers a harsh
prescription. Speaking of "the priest," Leviticus 14, says: "If mildew has
spread on the walls, he is to order that the contaminated stones be torn out."
If mildew reappears, it says, "the house must be torn down."
Mr. Krell stressed, however, that "not every time somebody has a few square feet
of mold do they have to burn the house down or default on their mortgage. Most
people can wear gloves, a surgical mask and safety goggles and perform a limited
cleanup themselves."
If a homeowner prefers the reassurance of hiring a professional for a small
cleanup, Mr. Krell said, the least expensive job would cost about $800. Still,
he said: "We've been involved in projects in excess of $300,000. There was a
massive job in Alpine, N.J., involving faulty construction on a
20,000-square-foot mansion. There were 8,000 square feet of mold throughout the
basement. Eventually, they forced the builder to buy the house back, for $5
million."
But if mold has only crept halfway up a wall, for instance, and the owner wants
to personally perform the cleanup, then strong detergent or bleach, water and a
lot of elbow grease are in order. "Scrub the area until nothing is visible," Mr.
Garcia said. "You only do this on nonporous surfaces wood, metal, plaster."
Fabrics, books and even wallboard are porous and, if contaminated, might have to
be disposed of.
Big jobs are, obviously, more complicated. "If, let's say, it gets into the
ventilation system," Mr. Garcia said, "you've got to clean throughout the house.
Then the job becomes similar to asbestos removal sealing the windows,
high-efficiency filters to clean the air, vacuums with filters, all surfaces
cleaned."
If the job is done correctly another big if the workers will wear
respirators, protective suits, gloves. "They will build a chamber next to or in
the house to decontaminate themselves, so they don't bring out the
contaminants," Mr. Garcia said. All removed materials will be sealed in plastic
bags for disposal. Pretesting will be necessary to establish parameters for the
project, Mr. Krell said, and to set reference points for air and surface testing
after the job is done.
In 1995, Mr. Garcia said, his company remediated an entire two-bedroom apartment
in Manhattan for $7,000. Asked if prices have gone up since, he said that, in
fact, "as more contractors get into this, prices come down."
And that is part of the problem.
As Mr. Krell said: "Almost every water and fire restoration contractor, every
lead and asbestos abatement contractor in the country is jumping into this
field. And many are ill-prepared." There are no state or federal regulations for
mold consultants and contractors.
The federal Environmental Protection Agency and the New York City Department of
Health have written remediation guidelines. And there are two organizations
the American Indoor Air Quality Council, (800) 942-0832, www.iaqcouncil.org; and
the Indoor Air Quality Association, (301) 231-8388, www.iaqa.org) that offer
lists of contractors who have completed voluntary certification requirements.
But Mr. Krell believes those requirements are not stringent enough.
So, in choosing a contractor, the watchword is "references, references,
references," he said. "Ask for a list of previous clients they have done similar
work for."
It is also crucial, Mr. Krell said, to make sure that the consultant and
contractor have specific mold coverage in their insurance policies, in case, for
example, "they spread contamination throughout the rest of the building through
poor work practices."
Extrapolating those precautions to the biggest residential buildings, Mr.
Sitomer, the Manhattan environmental lawyer, said that, on that scale, "managing
mold has to be a partnership between building owners and residents, allowing for
a free flow of information that reduces fear."
Reiterating his position that apartment owners should not overreact, Mr. Sitomer
said: "With litigation comes public disclosure of the issues as the plaintiff
sees them. That not only can have an adverse effect on apartment values, it can
also complicate the board's attempt to manage the problem."
A cornerstone of a building's partnership is that residents, board members and
management fully understand the extent of insurance coverage for mold from the
apartment owners' policies to the board members' directors and officers
insurance to the entire building's liability policy.
Building staff should be trained to respond quickly and appropriately sealing
mold in plastic sheeting, informing management and calling in a contractor so
problems are not increased by mishandling of mold.
And buildings should prescreen consultants and contractors and their insurance
coverage allowing for rapid response. "If building staff first has to find
qualified contractors," Mr. Sitomer said, "the spores have time to spread." |
